Land law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Land law - Essay Example e disputes are likely to occur when the forms are incomplete or absent, as was the case in TSB Bank Plc v Botham.3 This aspect was also applied in the Taylor case, where it was held that the time for assessing whether an item is a fixture or chattel is at the time of contracting, otherwise it could amount to concealment. Therefore, a great deal will depend upon the contents of the mortgage contract Freddy has with Lords Bank and whether or not it has been specified that certain items will not be considered fixtures for purposes of the contract. When the question concerns the determination of whether or not an item belongs to a house, then it must be such that it becomes a part of the land itself. The case of Elitestone Ltd v Morris4 demonstrates this principle. In this case, the property in question was a house that had been prefabricated and stood on cement pillars so it was viewed as personal property (chattel) by the Court of Appeal. However, when the case went to the House of Lords, it was held that a removal of the building would have entailed its destruction, therefore the building was a part of the land itself and could not be removed. However, in the case of Chelsea Yacht and Boat Club v Pope5 , a house on a barge that was attached at the side through gas and electricity cables, was not deemed to be a part of the land, but was considered personal property that could be removed. Therefore, when the position on fixtures/fittings has not been clearly specified in the contract, the most important aspect in the determination of whether an item is removable or not will depend upon the extent to which it is considered to be a part of the property itself. Applying this distinction therefore, items which become a part of the house will be considered to be fixtures and will not be removable. However, items which do not become part of the house but are removable will be considered fittings and they can be removed. For example, in the case of Berkeley v Poulett6

Hospitality Management Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hospitality Management - Movie Review Example The show is currently on its thirteenth (13th) season. The communication pattern in this show is basically that of a mature audience but the show is meant for a general audience and as such is bleeped out. In the thirteenth season episode one there is a number of contestants all fresh with hope and fire in their veins ready to take on the competition. As stated by the narrator the trash talking too is not spared for a show later. Ashley, Frank. Katie, Jr, Sterling, Latasha, Jennifer, Bryant, Santos, Denine, Kalen, Fernando, Aaron, JP, Roe, Sade and Janai. The show is to happen in Chef Ramsey’s famous kitchen and hotel in Caesars’ place which is in Las Vegas. The show’s location begins at a Cinerama in which Chef Ramsey proposes that the competitors watch an inspirational movie before they start the competition. While in the movies the Chef surprises them with a number of viewers and two other chefs who are their guide for a 45 minute challenge that happens in the culinary school of arts. They are then told to prepare a signature dish of their own with just under 30 minutes under Chef Ramsey’s strict supervision. Jp is the first contestant to win in under 15 minutes. While his confidence is present and huge, Chef Ramsey has doubt in his voice about the food that has been made before his eyes. Chef Ramsey in this episode is direct to the point with brief punctuations of profanity in the beginning when he meets the contestants. However in the communication between Ramsey and his contestants he is able to drive home his points in what sometimes comes out in a whimsical and brutally honest way. The first contest saw men lag behind the women in what was a contest that ended up with brutally honest answers to prepared dishes. Some of the contestants were unable to deliver good dishes while others presented really good dishes that scored them a rare 4 out of 5 score. The reason for some of this was due to poor

Responsibilities Of Facilities Manager Information Technology Essay

Responsibilities Of Facilities Manager Information Technology Essay We are explaining in this project about facilities manager and the relationship between business needs and space planning. We are also discussed in these assignments about health and safety and environment issues which impact on role as facilities manager. In this assignment we are included ethics which play an important part in the management of facilities. Facilities management:- Facilities management is an interdisciplinary field to the co-ordination of space, infrastructure, people, organization often associated with business services functions such as office, arenas, schools, shopping complex, hospitals, hotels etc. Facilities management facilities the business on a much wider ranges of activities than business services. Facilities management is one of the fastest growing professions in the UK. According to the international facility management association, facility management is: A profession that encompasses multiple disciplines to ensure functionally of the built environment by integrating people, place, processes and technology. Facilities management is a vital strategic discipline because it translates the high level, strategic change required by senior decision makers into day-to -day reality for people in their work living space. Facilities manager:- Facilities managers are responsible for many of the buildings and services which support businesses and other types of organization. Facilities manager are employed in all sectors and industries and diversity of the work may be reflected in different job titles such as operators, estates, technical services, and asset or property manager. Role as the facilities manager:- Facilities managers are responsible for the management of services and processes that support the core business of an organization. Duties vary with the nature of the organization, but facilities managers generally focus on using best business practice to improve efficiency, by reducing operating costs while increasing productivity. This is a wide field with a diverse range of responsibilities, which are dependent on the structure and size of the organization. Facilities managers are involved in both strategic planning and day-to-day operations, particularly in relation to buildings and premises. Facilities manager responsibilities include:- Procurement and contract management Building and grounds maintenance Cleaning Health and safety Security Utilities and communications infrastructure Space management Responsibilities for facilities managers often cover several departments, as well as central services that link to all the terms in the organization. According to the Bureau of labour statistics: occupational outlook handbook, 2010, the facility manager plans, designs and manages building, ground, equipment and supplies. The facility manager acts as the liaison between the building occupants and the organization, contractors and regulators. Facilities manager work at a large organization or a small firm. In addition to maintenance, facilities manager also manages space allocation, security and safety. Ensuring business activities meet with and integrate with organizational requirements for quality management, health and safety, legal stipulations, environmental policies and general duty of care. Planning, developing and implementing a strategy for human resource management and development, including health and safety training and development of a safety culture within business. Ensuring that there are proper assessments of risks to health and safety and implementation of measures and arrangements identified as necessary from the assessments. Providing training on emergency procedures, first aid facilities, safety signs, relevant protective clothing and equipment and incident reporting the relevant authorities. Preventing and taking precautions against staff exposure to hazardous substances and danger from flammable, explosive, electrical, noise, radiation and manual handling risks. Recruiting and selecting health and safety direct- reporting staff. As a director, they will have legal accountability and responsibility on behalf of the business to ensure health and safety policies, procedures and systems are followed correctly. Relationship between businesses needs and space planning:- Space planning is the professional discipline that incorporates the planning and management of workforce features in many business operations as diverse as product manufacturing, process engineering, retailing and warehousing. The facilities manager can embark upon the process of addressing the workspace needs of the business in the full realization that space planning is much more than simply interior decoration and the supply of furniture. It is the conscious planning and design of the work environment to facilitate the delivery of products and services. Constraints problems:- Some typical problems that can occur at work include:- Time constraints:- Conflicting deadlines Resource problems Time constraints: one of the most common problems in all organizations is lack of time and too much to do. This is time management skills such as work planning and prioritisation are so vital in order to get the most out of time. We should apply time management skills to our work every day in order to complete for any time constraints. Conflicting deadlines:- Another problem that are very likely to experience at work is conflicting deadlines, when two or more colleagues need to complete work for them at the same time. As we seen, these types of problems are best resolved by negotiation between all the parties concerned. Sometimes, colleagues will happily agree to their work taking second place to another deadline once they see that it is more important than theirs or has drastic consequences for the business if it is not met. Resource problems:- Resource problems arise when two or more colleagues need the use of resources such as meeting rooms, laptops or projectors at the same time and there are not enough of these resources for everyone to have their own. This type of problem can be quite easily remedied by using a booking system, maintained by member of the administrative team. For example, they would keep a booking diary for each of the resources and staff would be required to book these resources ahead of time to secure their use. This type of system is a good solution to most resourcing problems because it places the allocation of the resources under the responsibility of an unbiased third party, who will deal with any conflicting needs in an objective and business focused manner. The constraints and problems face in room allocation:- Room Suitability and equipments also other problem because time is waste in finding availability of equipments for room which suit the need of a course will appear and disturb the learning process. Problems also affected the quality of students in college not only affected learning process. Space allocation as a process of allocating rooms or areas of space for specific functionality. Space allocation in higher education environments such as academic office, teaching and learning space, staff allocation, financial and budgeting, etc. Resource allocation models relate the inputs of the educational process to the resources required. ). In higher education environment, facilities play a major part especially on teaching and learning process. There by, a good management of the resources has to be established and focusing to the students. Mainly teaching and learning space allocation is a common problems found in colleges. Strength of college student increase, programme and departments in the college are the factors create to the problem. The health and safety and environment issues which impact on role as facilities manager:- Health and safety:- Health, safety and security procedures need to be followed in order to prevent unauthorised access to the building. The event organizations must be aware of the emergency procedures that are used by the site where the events are being held. They will need to talk to the facilities manager to find out what happens in an emergency, where the nearest fire exits are and what kind of sound indicates that there is an emergency. Under the health and safety at work Act 1974, it is the organisers responsibility to ensure that their employees are looked after. The facilities manager has a duty of care to any other people who might be attending the event. Many different aspects need to be considered, including arrangements for the first aid, insurance and food hygiene. Security and confidentiality:- The key purpose of the security is to protect the buildings, employees, equipment and information. Security relates not only to the physical security of the building and its contents, but also to the intellectual property of the organization. Intellectual property consists of all the organizations ideas, original products and services and the brand name of the business, as well as any other copyright material that it owns. There must be organizational security procedures in place to protect these things. The procedures also need to be monitored and overseen by employees within the organization, and any security alters or breaches must be treated with urgency. Confidentiality means that means the protection of certain sanative information so that it is only seen by those authorised to do so. Maintenance:- Many accidents at work are caused by faulty or poorly maintained work equipment. Employers have a duty to ensure equipment is maintained and in good working conditions. They must make sure that maintenance logs are kept up to date showing when machinery and equipment was last serviced and inspected. Total quality management This methods looks at the quality and performance of the products produced; it is not just looking at the overall quality of the institute services instead looking at involving all the employees at all stages and levels of the production process to add quality to the services so that at the end it meets the customer satisfaction or demand. Total quality management looks at the overall quality measures which used by a factory including managing quality design and development, quality control and maintains quality improvement and quality assurance. Risk assessment:- The main aim of the regulations is to reduce harm by requiring the assessment of all potential risks and the creation of action plans for emergencies. Employers must complete and review risk assessments at set times and make modifications to safety standards if there are any significant changes in working practices or equipment. These risk assessments must form part of a systematic safety record. A risk assessment should: Identify hazards in the workplace Identify those workers who might be harmed and how Evaluate the seriousness of the risk of harm from identified hazards Record the significant findings in a record that can be stored and used again A good risk assessment of the workplace should identify these hazards, assess who is at risk from them and identify control measures that can be put in place to reduce risk. Ethics:- An organization works to achieve corporate aims. Operational activities refer to anything a business does in order to achieve its aims. Ethical behaviour within a particular business is different from an ethical business. An ethical business sets out from the beginning to work ethically and ethics form a part of its strategic aims. Ethics deals with inner values which are a part of corporate culture and shapes decisions concerning social responsibility with esteem to the outside environments. An ethical matter is present in a state when the performance of a person or organization may damage or benefit others. Thomas M. Jones, ethical decision making by individuals in Organizations: an issue-contingent model, academy of management review 16(1991), 366-395.The formal definition social responsibility is managements obligation to make choices and take actions that will contribute to the welfare and interests of society as well as the Organization. (Eugene W.Szwajkowski, (1986); and Keith Davis, William C. Frederick, and Robert L.Blostrom, (1979). Importance of ethics:- Satisfying essential human needs: honesty, fair and ethical are one basic human needs. Each workers wish to be such himself and to work for a company that is fair and ethical in its practices. Creating honesty: a company that is understood to be driven by moral values is respect in the society even by those who may have no information about the working and the businesses or an organization. Good leadership skills: in the organization driven by values is respected by its workers. They are ordinary thread which brings the workers and the decision makers on a common stage. This goes an extended way in aligning behaviours within the organization towards achievement of one common objective or mission. Improve in the decision building: decisions are determined by values. For example an organization that does not value competition will be fierce in its operations aiming to clean out its rival and set up a monopoly in the market. Secure the society: ethics succeeds law in protection the society. The law equipment is often found acting as a silent observer, not capable to safe the society and the atmosphere. Technology, for example is rising at such a quick pace that by the time law comes up with an instruction we have a newer technology with new fear replacing the older one. Lawyers and public interest litigations may not assist a great deal but ethics can. Ethics always tries to make a sense of good and bad in the when the laws organizations and fails. Ethics can stop company from harming the society or atmosphere. Corporate social responsibility:- CSR as the voluntary actions that business can take over and above compliance with minimum legal requirements, to address both its own competitive interests and the interests of wider society. Corporate social responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large. Conclusion:- All organizations work in different ways and have different systems and procedures which they expect their staff to carry out in the course of their day to day duties. The operation of administration procedures is important since the organizations activities must be coordinated and planned. If inadequate administration procedures are in operation, the organization may suffer from a lack of efficiency and effectiveness since it does not have access to all relevant information. Administration procedures obviously play a vital role. They are the means by which the organization is able to operate as a whole. Any organization can have good ideas and well motivated employees, but without procedures to ensure that functions are carried out, these may be unsuccessful.

A Real Virtual End :: Matrix Virtuality Reality Essays

A Real Virtual End Whether you watch a science fiction movie, or read a science fiction novel, mother earth seems to no longer be a concern of the human race. The concern of humans has been shifted to a new medium, virtual reality. In the movie The Matrix, earth has been destroyed and people live underground. But, in the peoples virtual reality, where they plug themselves into called the matrix, everything that is desired can be downloaded for them in seconds. In the novel Snow Crash, earth is rapidly being destroyed by humans through negligence. Once again, the more important concern on the human mind is the virtual reality called the Metaverse. Just like the matrix, the Metaverse fulfills desires with a few strokes of the keyboard. What if reality didnt exist? Could there still be a virtual reality continuing on? It seems to me that these two science fiction stories promote laziness and to ignore our ongoing destruction of earth. The main character and hero in the movie The Matrix, Neo, is a young software engineer and part-time hacker who is singled out by some mysterious figures who want to introduce him into the secret of the matrix. What Neo thinks is the real world is no more than a computer-generated dreamscape, a virtual reality created by the artificial intelligence that really controls things to distract our human minds while our bodies are systemically plundered as an energy source to keep those machines up and running. The re al world has actually been destroyed by humans through nuclear warfare. Upon Neos enlightenment of the real earth, he is forced to make a decision to choose between the matrix and what is thought to be reality. Choosing the matrix, Neo has to re-think and re-learn his old ways and adapt to the new ways through which he will need to survive. Finding his niche in the matrix, Neo becomes god-like here. Although he was just a mere hacker whom had little power in reality, the matrix turns Neo into a force not to be messed with. Neos unbelievable hand-eye coordination and miraculous maneuvering separates him from the other humans that are locked into the matrix. Neo is filled with huge amounts of information at an alarming rate to help create him into being the One. The matrix allows you to receive anything you want, and to be downloaded any piece of information known to man. A Real Virtual End :: Matrix Virtuality Reality Essays A Real Virtual End Whether you watch a science fiction movie, or read a science fiction novel, mother earth seems to no longer be a concern of the human race. The concern of humans has been shifted to a new medium, virtual reality. In the movie The Matrix, earth has been destroyed and people live underground. But, in the peoples virtual reality, where they plug themselves into called the matrix, everything that is desired can be downloaded for them in seconds. In the novel Snow Crash, earth is rapidly being destroyed by humans through negligence. Once again, the more important concern on the human mind is the virtual reality called the Metaverse. Just like the matrix, the Metaverse fulfills desires with a few strokes of the keyboard. What if reality didnt exist? Could there still be a virtual reality continuing on? It seems to me that these two science fiction stories promote laziness and to ignore our ongoing destruction of earth. The main character and hero in the movie The Matrix, Neo, is a young software engineer and part-time hacker who is singled out by some mysterious figures who want to introduce him into the secret of the matrix. What Neo thinks is the real world is no more than a computer-generated dreamscape, a virtual reality created by the artificial intelligence that really controls things to distract our human minds while our bodies are systemically plundered as an energy source to keep those machines up and running. The re al world has actually been destroyed by humans through nuclear warfare. Upon Neos enlightenment of the real earth, he is forced to make a decision to choose between the matrix and what is thought to be reality. Choosing the matrix, Neo has to re-think and re-learn his old ways and adapt to the new ways through which he will need to survive. Finding his niche in the matrix, Neo becomes god-like here. Although he was just a mere hacker whom had little power in reality, the matrix turns Neo into a force not to be messed with. Neos unbelievable hand-eye coordination and miraculous maneuvering separates him from the other humans that are locked into the matrix. Neo is filled with huge amounts of information at an alarming rate to help create him into being the One. The matrix allows you to receive anything you want, and to be downloaded any piece of information known to man.

Ownership and location of Tesco and McDonalds Essay

There are many different types of business ownership. The four main privately owned enterprises are: Sole traders – owned and run by one person. Partnerships – owned and run by two or more people. Private limited companies – often a business run by a family protected by limited liability. Public limited companies – large organisations whose shares are floated on the stock exchange. In addition there are two other types: Co-operatives – where a group of people run the enterprise together and share the profits or loses. Franchise – where a large organisation allows a person to sell its products and use its name in exchange for a fee and a share of the profits. All privately owned enterprises are able to be divided into two groups: Those with unlimited liability – sole traders and partnerships Those with limited liability – all companies, some franchise and some co-operatives. Unlimited liability means that the owners are responsible for all the debts. They may even have to sell personal possessions to pay them. If this is not possible then they will declared bankrupt. Limited liability restricts the responsibility of being responsible for all you debts. You only have to pay the debts to the limit of what was invested. Not usually do they have to sell their personal possessions. There are many different advantages and disadvantages to all different types of ownership: Sole traders – owned and run by one individual. Advantages: * The owner has full control of the business and all of its profits. * All profits go to the owner. * The owner can make decisions independently without the need to consult anybody else. * Can easily create a report with customer. * Has the ability to exploit niche market. * No Set up for procedures. Disadvantages: * The owner has unlimited liability. * The profits get ploughed back into the business. * To expand the business, financing needs to be found. Partnerships – Owned and run by two or more people. Advantages: * The responsibility of running and managing the company is shared between the two partners. * Access to a wider range of skills. * More ideas and strategies. * Capitals from the partners can bring in more capital and expansion is possible. * Greater ability to gain bank loans/ financial backing. * No need to file accounts for the public. Disadvantages: * Partnerships have unlimited liability. * If a partner leaves or he/ she is not for filling his/ her position it could affect the business. * A decision has to be made a partner can take it upon his/ her self to make the decision and not consult the other partners. Private limited companies – Often a family run business with the protection of limited liability. Advantages: * Shareholders who own the company may have limited liability. * Business finances and the owner’s finances are separate. * Can take more risks due to limited liability * Usually shareholders are closely involved with the running of the business. * Can raise capital more easily. * More professional appearance: more internal structure. Disadvantages: * Shares can only be sold with the permission of the shareholders. * Shares cannot be sold to the public. * Due to their internal structure more formalities arise. * Larger overhead costs of running the companies. Public limited companies – large organisations whose shares are floated on the stock exchange. Advantages: * Shareholders who own the company have limited liability. * Business finances and the owner’s finances are separate. * Shares can be bought and sold on the stock exchange. * Greater ability to raise further capital and expand resources. * Additional shares can be issued for more funding. * More professional appearance. Disadvantages: * There is a danger of being taken over by another company with the trade of shares. * Less flexible in structure. * More formalities when dealing with decision making. * Larger overhead costs of running the company. Franchise – this is a large company who you pay to use the name of. Advantages: For the franchisee * You will own a business that is already running which means it is nearly a guaranteed success. * You will own an already established company. * Capital should be easier to raise because you will be operating under a well known name. * The franchiser will give advice foe the business running and equipment. For the franchisor * They have the possibility to expand very quickly. * It is easier to expand in foreign countries because you would be selling a franchise to somebody that knows the location, language and people. Disadvantages: For the franchisee * Start up cost so you can use the branded name is very expensive. * A set percentage of your profit will go to the franchiser and you will have to buy your equipment and products from them. * You have to stick to the business’ core activities. For the franchisor * They do not have full control over the organisation. Ownership of Tesco. Tesco unlike McDonalds is a public limited company (PLC). Tesco is a PLC because it is on suck a large scale. A group of partners would not be able to afford funding the company and it is highly unlikely they could get big enough loans, because Tesco is a PLC the shareholders fund the company. The shareholders fund the company by simply buying shares. Investors buying shares in Tesco would feel safer buying because they will get limited liability. This means that only money that has been invested can be lost if Tesco fails. The shareholders do not get a profit from Tesco; they make their money buy selling that shares for more than they originally paid. The advantages that Tesco have of being a PLC are; there is a limited liability for Tesco and all shareholders and it is much easier for Tesco to raise funds. The disadvantages are; Tesco cannot make business decisions instantly because they need to confront company directors and major shareholders and the business can be taken over if somebody buy 51% of shares. I think that this type of ownership is the most appropriate for Tesco because they may need to raise capital fast and they don’t need to be making rash decisions. Ownership of McDonald’s. McDonald’s is a franchise company which is completely different to Tesco’s PLC ownership. A franchise company allows people who currently have nothing to do with McDonald’s to buy a restaurant and use the already well established McDonald’s name. This means that McDonalds do not need to fund their own company, the franchisees will do this. McDonalds have limited liability just like Tesco, meaning that McDonald’s and franchisees can only loose investments. The advantages of McDonald’s having this type of ownership for the franchisor are; having the possibility to expand rapidly and the advantage for the franchisee are; you will own a business that is already running which means it is nearly a guaranteed success, you will own a business that is already established, capital should be easier to raise because you will be operating under a well known name and you will have free business advice from the franchisor. The disadvantage for the franchisor is; you do not have full control over the business and the disadvantages for the franchisee are; start up cost so you can use the branded name is very expensive, a set percentage of your profit will go to the franchiser and you will have to buy your equipment and products from them and you have to stick to the business’ core activities. I think that this type of ownership is a good choice of ownership for McDonalds because they do not have to do research on locations because franchisees will do this. Also McDonalds will be expanding rapidly and they do not have the risk of failing their business. They will be making profits when they aren’t even setting up there restraints. Location. Tesco Location. To investigate Tesco’s location I am going to select a small town and a large city to compare how Tesco locate their stores under different circumstances. Some of the different circumstances I am going to look at are; the size of the area in hand and the population. The town I have selected is Pembroke Dock and the city I have selected is London. Populations: Population of Pembroke Dock: Population 8,676 Post town PEMBROKE DOCK Postcode district SA72 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_Dock] Population of London. Population – Total – Density Ranked 2nd 7,512,400[1] (mid-2006) 4,758/kmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (mid-2006) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London] Tesco locate their stores where there is a good ratio between population and competing stores. This is because it is highly unlikely Tesco could run a successful store next to an Asda store where the population of the town is 500 people. So it is important that Tesco choose their location wisely because building unsuccessful stores can be very expensive for Tesco. Tesco generally locate their stores on the outskirts of towns, as you can see on the below maps. Land in this area can range from à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60,000 for a plot of land where Tesco would not be able to fit a store on up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½250,000 where you still wouldn’t be able to fit a store. Offers in Excess of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60,000 Building Plot at Cannons Lane, Pennar, Pembroke Dock, Pembrokeshire, Pembrokeshire à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½250,000 Plot 15 Barnlake Point, Burton, SA73 Because I cannot find land that is big enough for Tesco to build a store on with adequate room for parking as well as loading bays I don’t feel as though I can comment on the cost of land in this area. Another Tesco stores location; when I typed in London on the Tesco store locator it came back with 110 stores. This tells me that Tesco locate many stores in big cities to meet the needs of big populations. McDonalds Location. McDonalds is a franchise so it is not actually McDonalds that choose the locations of all restaurants. But the franchisors will try to locate in busy shopping areas. I am going to pick a good and a bad example of McDonald’s location and explain why I feel they are bad. On the below maps I am showing where McDonald’s have recently set up a new restaurant in Pembroke Dock next to the Tesco store. On both maps on the previous page you can see that the locations McDonalds have chosen both are competitor free. By this I mean that in both locations there are no other competing restaurants. This is good because McDonalds do not have to worry about losing custom to other restaurants. Also on the maps on the previous page the McDonalds stores are in the middle a community. This means it should be relatively easy to find employees. This is because they are in the middle of two large populations. The populations of Haverfordwest and Pembroke Dock are: Population of Pembroke Dock: Population 8,676 Post town PEMBROKE DOCK Postcode district SA72 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_Dock] Population of Haverfordwest: Population 10,808[1] Post town HAVERFORDWEST Postcode district SA61, SA62 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverfordwest] The populations of these towns are on a reasonably large scale, so I think that it would be easy for McDonald’s to find employees. As you can see from the maps on the previous page these stores are very close to raw material and have good travel systems around them. I think that they are in prime locations for travelling and raw materials. McDonalds will have a lot of choice for land because of the area in hand. It has a lot of undeveloped areas in the towns. In Pembroke Dock there is now a new plot that already has a building on that McDonalds could take up. I think that this would be a more suitable location because they will be attract the custom that comes across the bridge. The ring on the left of the above map is where McDonalds currently have a restaurant. The ring on the right of the above map is where property has become unoccupied. I think that McDonalds could relocate there restaurant here because there is a lot of traffic that come across the bridge and heads away from where the current restaurant is currently located. Although some traffic heads towards town more heads away. I have conducted my own survey to see how many cars that comes across the bridge head towards Carew and Pembroke and how many head toward Pembroke Dock over a one hour interval. Below is my table of results that I recorded. Towards Pembroke Dock. Towards Pembroke and Carew. [http://www.thedock.org.uk/Council%20Data/Pem_Dock_Traffic_Generators_2008%5B1%5D.pdf] Both Tesco and McDonalds could use this

Evolution Of Outdoor Advertising In Nigeria

Advertising or advertising is a form of communication for marketing and used to encourage, persuade, or manipulate an audience (viewers, readers or listeners; sometimes a specific group) to continue or take some new action. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common. This type of work belongs to a category called affective labor (Wayne et al. , 2008). Long before America was colonized, commerce flourished in the Old World where various methods were used to promote trade.Notice boards placed outside houses indicated what could be had within. Wine cellars gave free samples in the streets. And actors paraded in the streets attempting to entice onlookers into theatres. The idea of commerce is very old indeed, and the means of inducing others into exchange relationships was not far behind in its development. (Advertising and Society Review) As we have seen, an advertis ement can be very simple, and simple advertising, eg for events, has been around for as long as people have been trying to make money out of attracting a wider public.Posters announcing an event were probably the first form of advertising, and these date back to gladiatorial contests in Ancient Rome. The first advertisements, however, which fit our full definition of advertising (ie paid for, occupying space in a media form) appear in newspapers in the seventeenth century. These tended to be straightforward statements of fact, without any fancy typesetting or illustrations, and were often indistinguishable from the news stories around them.As the eighteenth century wore on, the Industrial Revolution gathered pace, and consumer goods became more sophisticated, manufacturers began to recognize that they needed to create a need for their products. Many items were new to consumers, or were new variations. Josiah Wedgewood, who manufactured pottery in England in the second half of the se venteenth century, was particularly good at creating new markets for his wares through advertising.He brought cups and plates into the budget and households of middle class families – a much larger market than the wealthy aristocratic households who had previously been the only purchasers of dinner sets. The nineteenth century saw the skills of the advertiser come to the forefront, as ads began to mix images and words, and adopt the techniques of language and layout that we are familiar with today. With the proliferation of goods and services in this century, it became recognised that advertising was an important part of business, and should be dealt with by experts in the field.Most of the advertising agencies that dominate the global markets today were founded in the latter part of the nineteenth century. During the early part of the twentieth century, governments began to recognise the power of advertising to get their message across to their ‘consumers' (ie their ci tizens). This was particularly apparent during the First World War, when advertising was used to enlist soldiers and enforce government policies. (http://www. mediaknowall. com/gcse/advertising/advertising.Advertising in Nigeria Advertising in Nigeria could be said to have started officially with Rev. Henry Townsend's Newspaper called Iwe Iroyin in 1859. This particular newspaper carried advertisements on births and other social events. However, professional advertising is often said to have started in 1928 with the birth of West African Publicity Limited. Derived from UAC, it was established to cater for the needs of the colonial masters in Nigeria and West Africa.This company later became an advertising agency in 1929 named Lintas with two other subsidiaries namely Afromedia, the outdoor medium and Pearl/Dean, the cinema arm. In the 1950's new advertising agencies emerged. The medium of advertising was in its infancy in those days Federal Government owned National Broadcasting Cor poration (NBC) where he only television stations that operated in the four regions of East, West, North and later Midwest. With the increase in practitioners, an agency regulatory body had to be formed to standardize their practices.A meeting of the agencies held at Ebute Metta, Lagos in 1971 was to metamorphose into Association of Advertising Practitioners of Nigeria (AAPN) with the objective of protecting practitioners against unfavorable business. The association was later renamed Association of Advertising Agencies of Nigeria (AAAN) . The need to establish an institution Advertising Practitioners Council of Nigeria (APCON) by Decree 55 of 1988, later renamed Act 55 of 1988 by the civilian administration on November 1989, the first meeting of the association held somewhere in Ebute-meta, Lagos finally culminated to the birth of APCON.In the 1990's the sector came alive, it began to expand beyond advertising as full services public relation firms such as the Quadrant JSP and Quest were established. Also the era witnessed the mad rush of foreign affiliations. While some agencies sought this affiliation to help boost their human capital, others just joined the bandwagon just to feel among. Media Independent Practitioners Association of Nigeria (ADVAN), outdoor Advertising Association of Nigeria (OAAN) later emerged in 1928.Today, Nigerian advertising industry, is making efforts to ensure that they measured up to global industry practice. Affiliations also avails them of technical knowhow in the areas of creativity and training. The industry has grown to shooting their adverts locally and injecting a lot of local content in their campaigns the regulatory body of advertising, APCON, is living up to expectations by the measures put in place to sanitize the industry. Of note is professionalizing the practice to ensure that quacks are reduced if not flushed out completely.Again measures are adopted to ensure practitioners operate within set advertising standards. S ectional associations include Broadcasting Organisation of Nigeria (BON), Media Independent Practitioners Association of Nigeria (MIPAN), Advertisers Association of Nigeria (ADVAN), Newspapers proprietors Association of Nigeria (NPAN) and Outdoor Advertising Association of Nigeria (OAAN).OUTDOOR ADVERTISING IN NIGERIAOutdoor advertising in Nigeria has its humble beginning rooted in colonial history. Advertising development in Nigeria could be traced to about 1928 with the birth of West African Publicity Limited; a subsidiary of the United African Company (UAC). The company was set up to cater for the marketing activities of UAC in both Nigeria and other West African countries as at that time. The company was later to transform to a full-fledged advertising firm in 1929 and was named Lintas with two other subsidiaries, Afromedia, the outdoor medium and Pearl/Dean, the cinema arm.Then headed by expatriates, the companies were to enjoy a monopoly for a long time. It was not until 1950s when other advertising agencies started to emerge on the scene. Ogilvy, Benson and Martha (OBM) and Grant were later to join the fray to form the big three in the industry (Saleem et al. , 2010). In the 50s, other sizes of structures like 8 sheets, 1b sheet and few bulletin boards at Iddo were erected for such clients as Nigeria Tobacco company, Nigeria breweries and Langucy stores. The history of outdoor is the history of advertising in Nigeria.What has evolved into advertising practice today started formerly around 1928 with the establishment of a UAC subsidiary known as the West African Publicity, whose major activity was producing outdoor advertising for UK companies based in Nigeria. The business has since grown over the years to become a multibillion naira outfit (Tirmizi et al. , 2009). In 1957 all billboards on railway property was landed to MRS Freemont. Railways having set up an outdoor advertising department in 1956. In July 1958, Messrs J. W Mills, Chairman and Managing Director of Mills and Rockleys, a U. K based outdoor advertising company and Mr. G.C Campbell of Franco Signs Limited visited Ibadan, Kaduna and Enugu with the writer for on-the-spot assessment of the of the country’s potentials. A year later Afromedia Nigeria limited was registered precisely on the 28th October, 1959. West Africa publicity which was the first outdoor changed its name to Lintas Nigeria limited with the new management staff in Afromedia limited Mr. D. M. Casey. Outdoor started in earnest and then the first 40 sheet was erected at the junction of Apapa road and denfor street with number LA 1 and a 16 sheet board was erected on the wall of 4 custom sheet corner of phoenix lane numbered LA2.The Manager called M. D. Redman brought in Afromedia in about 1961. Proper documentation of all billboards giving such details as date of erection, landlord’s name, address of billboards, annual payable to landlord or local government council and campaign in 1963. Mr. Kelly of Afromedia commission media research, which result gave credence to the posters medium in Nigeria in terms of coverage during the same period.Mr.  Kelly spear-headed the development of outdoor industry by bringing clients that patronized outdoor intensively together to form an associate with the outdoors companies Afromedia and Railways with name as Outdoors Advertising Contractors of Nigeria (OACAN). However, during this period, there were other outdoors companies, like Railway Advertisement Service, Nigeria Advertising Service (NAS), Wilmer Publicity Gilbertson Advertising Limited, Nigeria Commercial and Industries Enterprise Publicity Associates of Nigeria limited. The first posters printing in Nigeria was done in 1962, by Afromedia.The company was late sold to the Nigeria Management Staff in March, 1974 (BECAME INDIGENISED). During the period, new outdoors advertisement structures were introduced. Sheet unit in 1979, Jewel machine 1989, Timed in 1990, Rooftop in 1990, Directional Street Signs in 1990. UAC West Africa publicity limited set up in 1928, around 1959 it was splinted into two – Afromedia and Lintas. Outdoor Advertisement Contractor of Nigeria came into being in 1954 and the name was changed to Outdoor Adversting Association of Nigeria (OAAN) in 1986 to reflect both in outlook and practice.Outdoors is the oldest advertising medium in Nigeria, though the print media was few years ahead of outdoors. Outdoor advertising however has witnessed its challenges over the years and in what looked like the major steps to address the problem facing the outdoor sub-sector of the advertising industry, stakeholders in the industry, including government, practitioners and advertisers have identify areas of conflict between practitioners and regulatory agencies.Among other things, there is a reviewed that outdoor advertising practice and regulatory environment in the country and charted the way forward for a thriving and mutually rewarding outdoo r advertising industry. Despite the challenges faced by the sector, there are over 165 outdoor firms still existing in the market, managing over 21,000 boards, pan-Nigeria (Latif and Abideen, 2011). The first act of billboard demolition took place during the Raji Rasaki military regime. This action marked the beginning of billboard extermination in the country. In 2006, there was massive demolition of billboards in Abuja.The exercise was aimed at sanitising the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), but the resultant effect was the agony it caused some outdoor agencies, some even filed for bankruptcy. In 2007, Lagos State Signage and Advertising Agency (LASAA) went on a crusade against billboards in the state (Saleem et al. , 2010). Today, out of home (outdoor) advertising has gone beyond rusty poles signage in Nigeria. The major turnaround featured segmented scrolling billboards, unipoles, ultra waves, crossway billboards (gantries) backlit, Hexa signs and the latest of them is the light emitting diodes LED screen billboards.These evolutionary billboards designs are meant to make the outdoor advertising functions more effective, less stressful yet delivering value for money (Latif and Abideen, 2011). These latest electronically controlled billboards could be managed from the agencies office without any stress. Another advantage and a delight to clients is that it could also be monitored by the clients from their offices removing the hassle of going to spy on a billboards post for monitoring. Just like other digital innovations, this one also comes with accuracy, ease, speed and trend.This new technology provides aerial beautification (Saleem et al. , 2010). Outdoor advertising has its challenges. Among these challenges are conflicting regulations and multiple taxation, huge debts and demolition of their billboards. In the face of all these, the practitioners are undaunted because outdoor advertising business is still booming in Nigeria. Issues in Outdoor Advertisin g in Nigeria Clients Indebtedness Regulatory Issues Technological Issue Clients Indebtedness.Clients’ indebtedness remains one of the issues that has plagued the outdoor advertising industry in Nigeria, according to a report by Bernard Okhakume in the business column of the Nations newspaper on the 10th of February, 2013, â€Å"Consequent upon their (Outdoor Advertising Agents) debt burden, some of these service providers have closed shop. Over 70% of them today are so heavily indebted they cannot run their offices. At the close of business year 2012, some of them simply disengaged their staff and opted for one-man show pending when situation improves.The situation tends to be as a result of the fact that clients can simply take their wares to other practitioners after being indebted to one agency. However a strong association between practitioners can help to reduce this, In India, the Indian Outdoor Advertising Association is so strong; it clearly states its membership is well over 78% of outdoor corporate service providers in the country. For a country almost the size of a continent, such achievement is highly commendable. Its size enables the association so much power to establish and enforce practice rules, code and ethics.The members are sure to be protected against system abuse. It is not unlikely that clients do owe outdoor agencies in India, but for a scenario such as prevalent in our local market to play out there, is certainly not permissible (http://thenationonlineng. net/new/againoutdoor-advertising-clients-indebtedness/). Regulatory Issues Outdoor advertising regulation has a long-standing tradition of controversy (Charles R. Taylor and John c. Taylor, Journal of public policy& marketing (http://www. jstor. org/stable/30000175). The need to curb haphazard and chaotic outdoors practice in the country led to the emergence of Regulatory bodies.However Practitioners have continued to complain over this â€Å"Strangulation† as some refe rred to it. APCON chairman, Mr. Lolu Akinwumi, at the 2012 edition of the annual advertising forum organised by the Advertising Practitioners Council of Nigeria (APCON) under the theme, ‘Outdoor Advertising Regulation and Control in Nigeria’. said the out-of-home is a major component of advertising practice, which in recent years had suffered some decline, especially as a result of different regulatory regimes, resulting in high costs of operations for practitioners.However, observers have noted that the regulation of outdoor agencies by the government is not a one sided coin, â€Å"The effort to check the indiscriminate deployment of outdoor posters, banners, signs and billboards across the state is finally paying off, for example a drive through Lagos state will see an array of safely and beautifully positioned Boards, it’s almost as if you are in a Western Country†, said Omoba Segun Adewale of Proview Advertising agency.In Nigeria, following the establi shment of The Lagos State Signage and Advertisement Agency as established by the Lagos State Structures for Signage and Advertisement Agency Law, 2006 and the Amendment thereto a body that is responsible for regulating and controlling outdoor advertising and signage displays in Lagos State (http://www. lasaa. com/who-we-are/#sthash. bTsdXaKf. dpuf). Several states are beginning to establish state regulatory agencies to help manage an industry that either to as been a â€Å"free for all affair†.Technological Issue Practitioners in developed economies such as South Africa, United Kingdom and the United States of America (to mention a few), the challenging issues are not indebtedness and member business shut down due to clients’ indebtedness. Practitioners in those economies are now focused on innovative creativity. They are rather challenged by issues such as technological advancement in outdoor advertising practice, research and strategic planning and global innovativen ess (not begging to be paid for job done three years back).In Nigeria, aside from Lagos state that is always on its toes to keep up with modern technology in the field of outdoor advertising, practitioners are still battling with technology in Nigeria, some have attributed this to the cost of having technology especially when clients are not willing to pay the appropriate fee. Despite all the issues raised however, it is interesting to note that over 165 outdoor firms still existed in the market, managing over 21,000 boards, pan-Nigeria ( http://www. thisdaylive. com/articles/charting-the-future-of-outdoor-advertising/120264/).HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF OUTDOOR ADVERTISINGHumans have been creating wall art since the time we lived in caves. What the wall art was used for, and at what point it crossed from artistic display to marketing for a business is an interesting question. During the time of the ancient Egyptians the government was using images carved into stones to post the laws and regulations of the land. This carving into stones may, in a way, have been the oldest form of outdoor advertising (Mick, 1986). The modern-day billboard advertising approach can trace its roots to lithography, which was an invention of the late 1790s.The genius of this invention is that it made it possible to mass produce as many posters and announcements as a business needed. There was one major limitation to the outdoor billboards being produced at the time, and that was the quality of the posters; they did not stand up when exposed to the elements for prolonged periods of time. The circuses were one of the first businesses to profit from this new form of mass marketing, and so outdoor advertising underwent a major innovation which brought us the modern billboard advertising that we know today.The earliest use of the billboard by the circuses dates back to 1835. Prior to the invention of lithography, billboard copy could only be produced on a very small scale which made it sig nificantly less effective as a marketing tool than it is today (Koc, 2002). The true test of a new product is how well it holds up after being introduced to the market for the first time. Several prominent forms of advertising have come into the advertising world and created whole new marketplaces without rendering the traditional outdoor billboard obsolete.It’s a true sign that traditional outdoor billboards are here to stay. Despite the rise of radio, television and internet advertising, the outdoor advertising industry remains stronger than ever. The modern-day billboard, like the outdoor advertising industry as a whole, are a testament to how simple, sturdy, and flexible marketing solutions can endure despite rapid innovation in marketing campaign strategies and emerging technologies (Bittlingmayer, 2008).REGULATION OF OUTDOOR ADVERTISING IN NIGERIAAdvertising Practitioners Council of Nigeria (APCON), established by Act No. 93 of 1992 is the regulatory body of all adverti sing practitioners. However, Outdoor Advertising Agency Association of Nigeria (OAAN) was the regulatory body responsible for regulating outdoor advertising in Nigeria before the various State government took over with Lagos state pioneering this move with the establishment of LASAA. The pre-LASAA era saw Outdoor Advertising Association of Nigeria, OAAN, performing the dual roles of a regulator and a trade association.The OAAN era attracted more criticisms than accolades because of the unstructured environment and the manner in which operators went about business. It was an era when every tom, dick and harry could set up an outdoor advertising agency without due registration and process. In 2006 Lagos state set the pace with LASAA and other States followed in this line of action and introduced their state agencies to regulate and control the business.The states include Kano State, the state recruited the services of Chris Park Marketing Services (CPMS), Oyo State has the Oyo State S ignage and Advertisement Agency (OYSAA), in Ogun State, the Ogun State Signage and Advertising Agency (OGSAA) is doing the job while in Ekiti State, the Ekiti State Signage and Advertisement Agency (EKSAA) is responsible for the job in Rivers State its Rivers State Signage Agency while The Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, gave the responsibility to Afromedia, others are Cross river state sign board and signage agency (CRISSA), Kwara State Signage and Advertisement Agency (KWASAA), Anambra State Signage and Advertisement Agency (ANSAA), Bauchi State Signage and Advertisement Management Agency (BASSAMA), Kano State Signage and Advertisement Agency (KASAA), Ondo State Signage and Advertisement Agency (OSSAA) and Rivers State Signage Agency amongst others. While States like Anambra and Akwa Ibom states are on the verge of setting up and/or leasing the business to consultants.Ogun State attempted to adopt LASAA’s style but could not due to political reasons. Ekiti State, the EKSA A never found its footing due to lack of political will.The state government’s collaborative effort with LASAA collapsed because some stakeholders in Ekiti felt it was an imported idea. Oyo State is currently enjoying smooth services as OYSAA sanitisation exercise got little or no resistance. However, the Director General of OYSAA, Yinka Adepoju, has lamented operators and brand owners cooperation on the area of levy and dues remittance, which, he claimed, is not encouraging. Kano State took an extreme measure in its effort to enforce the new rules when CPMS in conjunction with the state’s Urban Planning & Development Authority pulled down over N300 million worth of billboards and hoardings. The regulation and control activities in the state became the most draconian.The pricing of billboards in the state by CPMS is said to be outrageous despite the fact that Kano is not a commercially viable city for advertisers compared to the situation in Lagos State. While stakehol ders have applaud the state government’s initiative to beautify and modernize the city, they have also decried the excessive rate and undue grandstanding of the concessionaire. Investigations showed that members of Outdoor Advertising Association of Nigeria (OAAN) are groaning over their inability to pay the new rate while advertisers are reluctant to accommodate new prices as budgets had already been planned before the new price regime in the state.The FCT, Abuja, is the new entrant into the outdoor advertising business and the intent of the FCT Administration is clear. For it, it is all about revenue and it has concluded plans to raise the sum of N3 billion from outdoor advertisements annually to augment its Internally Generated Revenue (IGR). The FCT Minister, Senator Bala Abdulkadir Muhammed, made this disclosure in Abuja during an interactive session with outdoor advertisement stakeholders, where it announced Afromedia as the concessionaire to the project. The Minister r estated that the FCT Administration is working towards avoiding visual assault and pollution caused by random advertisements and signages on the streets and neighbourhood of the 8000 square kilometers of the Federal Capital Territory.The state regulatory agencies often been referred as interventionist-agencies have the statutory obligations of regulating the practice of outdoor advertising in the country and are expected to enhance the beauty of the environment, which will serve as a big plus to aesthetics. The agencies have ensured that the stakes are higher now, promoting healthy competition and has tremendously repositioned the outdoor advertising industry. The stakes are higher now, unlike in the past, what we have now as billboards can compete favorably with others anywhere in the world. Besides, the environment is saner and cleaner, which serves as a major attraction to investors.As good as it all seems to have been since 2006 for the state government regulators some new chall enge continue to emerge and pose itself as a problem, it’s the issue of the Police, Military and other FG establishments in the state practicing outdoor by default by putting up illegal outdoor signage’s. The question out there is are there unwritten laws that permits these set of institutions to regulate and control the signage industry or is there a bill underway that will enable them to FASCINATING FACTS FROM THE EVOLUTION OF ADVERTISING INFORMATION ABOUT BILLBOARDS IN NIGERIA:Outdoor advertising is the oldest and most basic type of advertising.More people can view one particular billboard than AIT Television Station. The fact remains that the billboard must be located in a high traffic area.Billboards are viewed nearly 24 hours a day, 7 days a week by billions of different people.OAAA did a study in 1999 that says people glance at 70% of the billboards they pass. Of these billboards, 63% are actually read. Most other types of media cannot compare to this and that i s the fact. Reach Billboards in Lagos reaches 80% of all Lagos population.Television commercials (which ranks #1) reaches 85% of all Lagos population. Other type of Media.The average person must see a television commercial at least seven times before they actually remember viewing the commercial.Outdoor Advertising costs 80% less than television advertising, 60% less than newspaper ads, and 50% less than radio advertisements.Repetition is extremely helpful when you are trying to increase your product awareness, or when you simply want to get your message across to millions of people. This task can easily be accomplished with billboard campaigns.Outdoor advertising makes it extremely easy to target, or not to target, a specific market.Billboards are usually the final message we see right before we purchase an item. So why not direct everyone to your product? Driving Trends.People are spending more time in their vehicle than they do to read the paper and watch the news! For example, t he traffic in Lagos, Nigeria makes it possible for you to spend about six (6) hours on the road to work and back.OAAA did a study in 1999 that says people glance at 70% of the billboards they pass. Of these billboards, 63% are actually read.  · How do billboard rates compare to other types of advertising?Outdoor advertising has a lower cost per thousand (CPM) than any other type of advertising. Outdoor ads cost 80% less than television commercials, 60% less than newspaper ads, and 50% less than radio ads.Billboards have been rated higher than any other type of advertising for their ability to communicate ideas at the lowest possible prices.Outdoor advertising has a larger audience than any other type of advertising. Outdoor advertising is the only type of media that has constant exposure.No other type of advertising allows your message to be displayed 24 hours a day, seven days a week.Ads on billboards are free to consumers; you do not have to buy a magazine, cable television, or a newspaper to see your advertisement (http://victorariyibi. blogspot. com/2007_08_01_archive. html).Other facts about advertising:Advertising has existed as far back as 3000 BC!63% of consumers need to hear company claims 3-5 times before they actually believe it.You’re more likely to survive a plane crash than click a banner ad.The first newspaper ad was in 1650 to offer a reward for 12 stolen horses.The first professional advertising agency was launched in 1841 in Philly.Advertising first became an academic discipline in 1900 at Northwestern.Unilever & JWT first partnered in 1902, creating the longest relationship in advertising history.A baby formula brand was the first to sponsor a blimp (in 1902).The first ad agency to launch a product was JWT on behalf of P&G in 1911, for their product Crisco.  The first radio ad spot was offered in 1922: $100 for ten minutes  In 1929, Lucky Strike spent $12.3M on ads, the most in history to that point to promote just one product.à ‚  The first TV ad was for Bulova Clocks & reached 4000 TVs (http://blog. hubspot. com/the-history-of-advertising-war-for-consumer-attention-slideshare ).